Civil Rights: Supreme Court Cases
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- Bailey v. Patterson 369 U.S. 31 (1962) (Prohibiting racial segregation of interstate and intrastate transportation facilities.)
- Batson v. Kentucky 476 U.S. 79 (1986) (A state denies an African-American defendant equal protection when it puts him on trial before a jury from which members of his race have been purposefully excluded.)
- Bowers v. Hardwick 478 U.S. 186 (1986) (The consitutionality of a Georgia statute criminalizing sodomy is upheld over a challenge to the constitutionality of the statute insofar as it criminalized consensual sodomy. Overruled in Lawrence v. Texas.)
- Bragdon v. Abbott 524 U.S. 624 (1998) (HIV infection qualifies as a disability under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).)
- Brown v. Bd. of Educ. 347 U.S. 483 (1954) (Rejecting Plessy v. Fergusson in the public school context and prohibits racial segregation of public schools.)
- Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth 524 U.S. 742 (1998) (An employee who refuses unwelcome and threatening sexual advances of a supervisor (but suffers no real job consequences) may recover against the employer without showing the employer is at fault for the supervisor's actions.)
- Burlington N. & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White 548 U.S. ___ (2006) (The anti-retaliation provision of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act does not confine the actions and harms it forbids to those that are related to employment or occur at the workplace. The provision covers those, and only those, employer actions that would have been materially adverse to a reasonable employee or job applicant.)
- Cleveland Bd. of Ed. V. LaFleur 414 U.S. 632 (1974) (Ohio public school mandatory maternity leave rules for pregnant teachers violate constitutional guarantees of due process.)
- Dothard v. Rawlinson 433 U.S. 321 (1977) (In a case brought by a woman whose application for employment as a prison guard in Alabama was rejected, the court ruled that Title VII prohibited application of Alabama's statutory height and weight requirements to appellee and the class she represents. )
- Faragher v. City of Boca Raton 524 U.S. 775 (1998) (An employer may be liable for sexual discrimination caused by a supervisor, but liability depends on the reasonableness of the employer's conduct, as well as the reasonableness of the plaintiff victim's conduct.)
- Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools 503 U.S. 60 (1992) (An award of money damages is possible in a case brought to enforce Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, alleging sexual harassment and abuse by a teacher.)
- Frontiero v. Richardson 411 U.S. 677 (1973) (Department of Defense regulations granting certain benefits to the dependents of servicemen but not to the dependents of servicewomen were unconstitutional.)
- Griggs v. Duke Power Co. 401 U.S. 424 (1971) (Certain education requirements and intelligence tests used as conditions of employment acted to exclude African-American job applicants, did not relate to job performance, and were prohibited.)
- Grutter v. Bollinger 539 U.S. 306 (2003) (A law school's limited "affirmative action" use of race in admissions is constitutional.)
- Jackson v. Birmingham Bd. of Educ. 544 U.S. 167 (2005) (Title IX's private right of action encompasses claims of retaliation against an individual because he has complained about sex discrimination.)
- Johnson v. Transportation Agency 480 U.S. 616 (1987) (Ruling that a county transportation agency appropriately took into account an employee's sex as one factor in determining whether she should be promoted.)
- Jones v. Mayer Co. 392 U.S. 409 (1968) (Federal law bars all racial discrimination (private or public), in sale or rental of property.)
- Korematsu v. US 323 U.S. 214 (1944) (Upholding the conviction of an American of Japanese descent, who had been prosecuted for remaining in California after a 1942 presidential order designating much of the west coast a "military area", and requiring relocation of most Japanese-Americans from California.)
- Lau v. Nichols 414 U.S. 563 (1974) (A city school system's failure to provide English language instruction to students of Chinese ancestry amounted to unlawful discrimination.)
- Lawrence v. Texas 539 U.S. 558 (2003) (Overrukes Bowers v. Hardwick. A Texas statute criminalizing same-sex conduct is unconstitutional.)
- Loving v. Virginia 388 U.S. 1 (1967) (State laws prohibiting inter-racial marriage are unconstitutional.)
- McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green 411 U.S. 793 (1973) (Established the framework for a prima facie case in a private, non-class-action complaint under Title VII charging racial employment discrimination.)
- Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson 477 U.S. 57 (1986) (Finding that a claim of "hostile environment" sexual harassment is a form of sex discrimination that may be brought under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.)
- Monell v. New York Dep't of Social Services 436 U.S. 658 (1978) (Local governments may be sued under 42 U.S.C. section 1983 and are not entitled to absolute immunity.)
- Murphy v. United Parcel Service, Inc. 527 U.S. 516 (1999) (Explaining how to determine whether an impairment "substantially limits" a major life activity under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).)
- Nat'l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan 536 U.S. 101 (2002) (A Title VII plaintiff must file his discriminatory or retaliatory employment claims within the appropriate 180- or 300- day period, but a hostile work environment charge is not time barred if all acts underlying the claim are part of the same unlawful practice, and at least one act falls within the filing period; equitable doctrines may toll or limit either period.)
- Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Serv., Inc. 523 U.S. 75 (1998) (Sex discrimination consisting of same-sex sexual harassment can form the basis for a valid claim under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.)
- Plessy v. Fergusson 163 U.S. 537 (1896) (Allowing the use of "separate but equal" racially segregated accommodations and facilities.)
- Roe v. Wade 410 U.S. 113 (1973) (A woman's right to abortion is part of the constitutional right to privacy.)
- Romer v. Evans 517 U.S. 620 (1996) (An amendment to Colorado's constitution, which sought to preclude legal protection of homosexuals' rights, is unconstitutional.)
- Smith v. City of Jackson, Mississippi 544 U.S. 228 (2005) (Although the "disparate-impact" theory of recovery, for cases brought under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, is cognizable under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, the disparate-impact theory's scope is narrower under the ADEA than under Title VII.)
- Univ. of California Regents v. Bakke 438 U.S. 265 (1978) (A public university may take race into account as a factor in admissions decisions.)
- Village of Arlington Heights v. Metro. Housing Dev. Corp. 429 U.S. 252 (1977) (Proof of a racially discriminatory intent is required in claim that race was a motivating factor in a land zoning decision.)
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